Structure of the
Lesson
3.1 Learning Objectives
3.2 Introduction
3.3 Characteristics of
computer
3.3.1 Storage capability
3.3.2 Speed
3.3.3 Accuracy
3.3.4 Versatility
3.3.5 No common sense
3.3.6 No Tiredness and lack of concentration
3.3.7 Reliability
3.3.8 No Feelings
3.4 Application of Computer
3.4.1 Business
3.4.2 Medicine
3.4.4 Sports
3.4.5 Defence
3.4.6 Internet
3.5 Summary
3.6 Glossary
3.7 Suggested Answer to
SAQ
3.8 References/Bibliography
3.9 Suggested readings
3.10 Review Questions
3.1 Objectives
The objectives of this chapter are to understand
the basic characteristics of computer. Today the computer has become a essential
part of our lives. Computer is found everywhere in our TV, in our car, in our
microwave, even in toys of kids. We are using a computer like our companion.
Computer and IT are playing crucial role in our society. It has transformed the
whole world into a global village. Today, computer and IT is providing the
power of analyzing and processing a large amount of information to grow and to
research. Many fields like e-commerce,
e-governance have given new dimensions to business. Computer has given internet
to society. Internet brought the revolution in communication industry. We
should be familiar about its characteristics and its application. Our motive is
to familiarize the applications of computer in our day to day life. What
computer is doing for us and what it can do for us? What is the role of
computer in our day to day concerned fields like medicine, sports, Science,
research & development, education etc?
At the end of this chapter, we would have out the answer of these
questions.
3.2 Introduction
A computer is equipped with a number of
characteristics that actually makes a computer. These characteristics help us
to handle different problem efficiently and economically. The basic characteristics
like speed, accuracy, storage capacity are common and well known to us. Also
computer possesses a role in wide range of fields like business, medical,
scientific and engineering applications, manufacturing, defences, education, sports
and personal use in home.
3.3 Characteristics of Computer
3.3.1 Storage capability
Computer can store and recall large amount of
data permanently, means for ever until we delete this data. Every computer has memory where it can store
any type of data like text, pictures, graphics etc. Unlike human beings
computer has large amount of memory and this memory can be increased or
decreased. Computer doesn’t make any
guess whenever the information is recalled or demanded, the computer serves the
information as accurately as it is stored.
Various storage devices are used to store the data permanently. Some are
mounted in cabinet of computer which we call CPU like hard disk. Some storage
devices are readable only but others are readable and writable. In readable
storage devices, once data is stored that will stored for ever and cannot be
updated or deleted like CD and DVD. But with advancement of technology, the
rewritable CD/DVD is also available in market. Other rewritable storage devices
like pen drive, floppy disk and portable hard disk are also available in
market.
3.3.2 Speed
Computer is a device which can perform
calculations with enormous speed. Speed of computer can be measured in number
of instructions executed in on second. Computer can process million of
instructions in one second. With the advancement of technology, a second has
become large period to measure the speed of computer. Now, we are using
millisecond (10-3 sec), microsecond (10-6 sec), nanoseconds (10-9 sec) and even
Pico seconds (10-12 sec) to measure the speed of computer.
3.3.3 Accuracy
Computer system always produces accurate results.
The accuracy of results depends upon the instruction given by the user.
Computer will execute the instruction as it is given to the computers. Computer never makes a mistake. The degree of
accuracy is depending upon the design of the computer. Error can occur in
computer if we give wrong data or wrong instruction to computer but the
computer will never give wrong results of correct data or instruction. Computer
has high degree of accuracy i.e. high degree to provide the result without any
error.
3.3.4 Versatility
Remember that computer is a machine and our
slave or servant. We give it an instruction to perform particular task.
Computer performs that task according to given instruction. It has one of the
wonderful features that it can handle number of job at a same instant of time
with same accuracy. For example a computer can be used to open a web site on
one hand and in parallel can be used to edit a document. So computer can be used to carry out multiple
jobs at a time.
3.3.5 No
Common Sense
We are talking about a machine that has
accuracy, good memory storage and is fast enough. We also commit that computer
is also our slave or servant. Computer is more powerful than human being but it
is slave of human being and follows the instruction given by human, because
computer does not have any common sense. If engineers provide the common sense
to computer then human being will be the slave of computer. If computer is
given malicious instruction to damage you, the computer will execute that
instruction without considering the after effects.
3.3.6 No Tiredness
Computer
does not feel any tiredness. Computer is a machine and can perform the given task with its full processing
power. Unlike a human being computer is free from tiredness and lack of concentration.
It can work for hours continuously
without feeling tiredness and without making any error that with full
concentration. Computer will perform the last instruction with same accuracy
and concentration as it has performed the first instruction.
3.3.7
Reliability
Computer is a reliable device. Due to its
accuracy and diligence, big organization having sensitive data are totally
dependent on this reliable device. Organization like banks, share markets etc. is
totally dependable on this device. Computer responds to the given instruction
and produces accurate output. The accuracy of output of computer can’t be
doubted.
3.3.8 No Feelings
Computer is a machine and doesn’t have any
feeling. It simply executes given instruction on give data and generates result
as output.
3.4 Application
of computer
Today computer has become the important part of
our life. Computer is everywhere around us. We are using computer and are very
much dependent on it. Computer has
become a important part of our life. Now close your eyes and think about the
life without computer. Computer has
immense application in human life. Computer helps in business, in medical care
etc. some of the application of computer in the various field are given below
3.4.1 Application of computer in Business
Basically invention of computer was done for
business industry. It is mentioned in the computer history that, during second
generation of computer a business oriented language has developed named as
COBOL. With the advancement in technology computer becomes matured and acting
as a precise role for every business organization. Now every business
organization is using computer and information technology for processing and
analyzing the large amount of data. In business, it is quoted that correct
decision should be taken at correct time. Correct decision needs analysis of
large amount of data in less period of time.
Globalization of world economy is possible only due to computer. Now
these days, computer had changed the meaning of business. Due the invention of e-Commerce
and e-governance, business has become the play of few clicks.
Computer in Banking
Banking system of the world is totally dependent
on the computers. The concept of CBS (centralized Banking System) has
introduced in banking. With CBS facility, you can operate on your account in
any branch of the bank in any city.
Internet banking has given new dimension to banking with this facility,
you can operate on your account from your home. Computer has also given a new
boon to banking i.e. ATM (Automatic teller Machine). This facility has
introduced the concept of credit / debit ATM card. You can operate on your
account through this card from a machine, which will provide you the services
during 24 X 7 days. Now these days a new term has introduced called mobile
banking. Now your bank is in your pocket that is in mobile. You can operate on
your account from your mobile.
Computer Technology in Share Market
Computer technology has immense role in share
market. The online trading of shares and
information about each and every share
is available with one click of mouse. Even computer provides various
online applications to compare and analyze the trends of share market. This
analytical study provides the wisdom to trader to take correct decisions.
Trader can get the information about the market on computer. Thanks to computer
technology.
E-commerce
E-commerce has emerged as an important
technology of computer in society. E-commerce means E business or we can say
that electronic business. So e- business is business transaction done
electronically. In business, the entire process of buying and selling is done
electronically. Event product is showed to the seller in the form of pictures
or videos. Deal or bargaining is done online. Buyers pay money electronically,
simply passes the instruction his bank to debit the amount from his account and
credit the same amount in the account of seller. After receiving the electronic
money in his bank account seller delivers the product to the buyers.
E-governance
Governance means enhancing the relationship
between government to citizen, citizen to government , government to private
sector and NGO’s to Government. If the governance is done by computer
electronically it is called e-governance.
e-governance is a process to involve citizen to communicate with
government and to participate in
government decision making process. Governance is applied in the
following ways -
·
By putting government
laws and policies online for citizens for awareness.
·
Electronic availability
of healthcare advertisement or message to aware the general public about their
health.
·
Aware the citizens about
the government plans, budgets, expenditure and performance electronically.
·
Electronically evaluate
the performance of decision makers and decisions making bodies.
·
By providing electronic
information about the contact of various officials for help and complaint.
3.4.2 Medicine
The diagnostic medical field could make progress
in leaps and bounds only because of progress in computers. In earlier times,
the human body had to be cut open in order to assess a problem or other less
reliable techniques of diagnostics had to be followed in order to diagnose a
human disease but with the help of computers it is much easier to peep into the
human body and find out about the culprit organ. The most helpful computer
techniques are MRI and CT scanning.
In case of stroke, the first things that doctors want to know are that how much
of brain is damaged. This is made possible by computer tomography techniques in
which various X-Ray images (slices) of the organ like brain are put together
through computer modeling to give an exact idea about the tissue damage in
brain and thus help a lot in treatment decisions.
MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) is a computer
based imaging technique using radio waves in which various parts of the body
are scanned and diseases are diagnosed without undergoing the harmful effects
of ionizing radiations. Another branch of medicine which is using computers is
“Pharmacogenomics”. In this type of
science, the doctors can prescribe medicines most suited to the DNA of the
person. This type of medication will be very specific to the person concerned.
Here, DNA of a person may be swept on a computer chip and matching medicine
would be amalgamated to the chip. This will give the doctors a fair idea as to
which medicines would be absorbed by the genes of the patients. Further, new
drugs could be designed by molecular modeling and simulation techniques.
Computers also help in designing prosthetics for handicapped persons. In
future, computers will play a special role in what is called “virtual surgery”. In this kind of
surgery, the surgeon may be sitting far away, yet be able to give instructions
to the robotic arms which are performing surgeries. In these cases, geographical
boundaries between the patient and the doctor will cease to exist.
3.4.3 Industry
Automobile
Industry
In the automobile industry, computers are of
much use. Most of the cars that are manufactured today are equipped with at
least one computer, which takes care of regulating engine emissions. The
computer depends on various sensors that convey information to various devices
of the automobile about fuel levels, speed, condition of the brake etc. In our
modern day cars, computers play an important role in controlling anti-theft
devices, air conditioning systems, power windows, air bags, cd/mp3 and lights
also. Depending upon the cost of a car, there can be scores of computers in a
car e.g. anti lock brakes, motorized seats and mirrors, keyless entry into the
car and numerous others. It can rightly be said that luxury cars are computers
on wheels.
Textile
Industry
The computers are playing a very important role
in the designing as well as
manufacturing part of textile industry.
In modern times, a number of innovative, inventive, creative and high
quality designs are available to the designers at the click of a mouse. A
software called CAD (Computer aided design) helps in creating unique designs.
With the help of CAD, a number of inspirations like art pieces, film clips etc.
could be converted into designs to be printed on the fabric. Similarly, CAM
(Computer aided manufacturing) helps in controlling manufacturing aspects of
the textile industry.
Entertainment
Industry
Computers are extensively used in the world of
entertainment to enrich visuals, audio as well as printing. With the help of computer graphics, the
entertainment world has become so rich that it has become difficult to
distinguish the real from the computer created stuff e.g. in movies like Krish,
Anaconda, Jurassic Park, Spiderman and many more. Similarly, many cartoons and
animation movies are being created with the help of computers. Many computers
help in voice recording, song recording and improving the quality of audio.
Hospitality
Industry
The hospitality industry uses computers in many
areas e.g. reservations, registration, booking details, history of the guests
etc. Many modern restaurants use computers in managing the table service i.e.
handling kitchen orders, controlling the payment of guests, displaying number
of the guests at self-service counters etc. Computers are the best friends of
accountants, storekeepers and managers in the hotels as they ease out the
inventory making and record keeping process.
3.4.4 Sports
Many players want to enhance their performance
by studying the weakness of their opponent players. Computers allow easy access to large size video footage
of games without changing cassettes or disks. In addition, the fair play in
games like cricket is boosted due to the mechanism of instant replay systems in
which a third umpire sitting outside the playground gets empowered with the
computers to see whether the balls missed the wicket or the baller overstepped
the line and numerous other cases. This helps in giving a final verdict where
the human eye fails to resolve the issue. This decision referral system (DRS) has made the game more fair. Even in games like basketball, replay visions
are used to improve the last touch decisions. Another very useful application of
computers in sports comes in the form of hawk
eye technology. In this type of technology, a system combining computers
with high-tech cameras help in tracing the trajectory of a ball in games like
cricket, tennis etc. Moreover, goal line
sensors also help the referee in deciding whether the ball crossed the goal
or not. To address the safety issues, computers help in designing safety
helmets for power games like rugby, soccer etc. Computers help in many other
aspects of sports like organizing data for sports coaches, media persons,
fitness and nutrition experts. In sports
like swimming, racing yachts etc. in which speed matters a lot, simulation software
help in deciding the types of strokes in water so that the speed in enhanced
with lesser effort. Computer software also help in comparing motion of two plays.
Further, ticket purchasing of important games can done from home itself.
3.4.5 Defense
Computers have a special role in the defense
system of a country. In fact, the earliest computers of first generation were
designed to suit the needs of defense of U.S. The computers help in designing new test systems. The
computers are used to track the missiles
and also find the ammunition store
of the enemy. Further, many attacks are planned with the help of computers e.g.
drone attacks. GPS (Global positioning systems) help in aiming the missiles to the
right target. Computers aid in strategic
planning and also help in providing a situational
awareness and situational advantage to the soldiers by giving them an idea
about the near-about source of arms and weapons and their other assets.
Computers also help in communication during critical moments in times of war.
Computers are of special use on Intercontinental
Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs). Many missiles can be targeted and blasted with
the help of computers without a person sitting in front of the aiming area.
They also help in getting the equipment ready on the battlefield. Even in satellite positioning for defense purposes,
the computers are mandatory. Computers find role in rocket propulsion and
aerodynamics also. In fact computers are omnipresent in defense services. The
computers also find application in record keeping in defense like aircraft
maintenance records, battleship maintenance, personnel records, inventory
making, store keeping.
3.4.6 Internet
Today Internet finds use in all fields of life
starting from communication, research and development, education,
entertainment, financial transaction, latest news, updates etc. Let us know
about the use of internet in various fields.
Communication
In earlier times, communication was difficult
between people separated by geographical boundaries. It was impossible for
friends and relatives to see each other when they were sitting thousands of
miles apart, but thanks to internet now they can talk to each other face to
face and keep getting latest updates about each other. So, we can say that
communication is the best gift of internet. Email, social networking sites e.g.
skype, whatsapp, facebook, twitter etc are glaring examples in the field of
communication revolution.
Research and Development
Research is no longer a very tedious process
because hundreds of references catering to the needs of the researchers are
just a mouse click away. In the pre-internet era, researchers had to undergo
the tiresome process of finding related research and review articles in various
libraries, journals etc. This would take a lot of time; however, in the times
of Internet a lot of research is available online. Further, researchers keep
posting their own research online to benefit other researchers. This has helped
in saving time and duplicate research also.
Education
The Internet finds tremendous use in education.
Starting from distance education, in which students learn from tutors sitting
far away to making assignments, Internet is a useful tool in learning and
education. The concept of virtual learning through video-conferencing has
helped students in getting knowledge from experts of different fields at their
doorstep. Database mining and web browsing keeps the teacher and the student
updated on recent advances in their subject. Online journals, e-books and
magazines also help in saving time and money. Further, with the help of Internet,
the students can get online admissions, online fee payment, online results, and
online syllabus. Actually, Internet has taken the chore and drudgery out of
education.
Financial Transactions
Computers help in carrying out faster financial
transactions. Now, we don’t have to stand in long queues to get money deposited
or withdrawn from banks. Moreover, money transfers to other people’s bank
accounts if much easier and at the click of a mouse. Thanks to internet, we
don’t need to carry a lot of cash with us. Net banking has also helped in
online bill payments, recharges etc.
Education
The computers are introduced very early in the
education sector these days as it is compulsory in the modern times for all
individuals to have a basic knowledge of computers. Apart from satiating the
thirst for knowledge at almost negligible amount of payment through internet,
computers help in keeping notes. Teachers can make use of computers to deliver
their lectures and also store their lectures for future use. Students and
teachers both can get real time updates in their subjects.
3.5 Summary
The role of computers in our everyday life
cannot be underestimated. The computers find applications in all aspects of our
modern day lives. We can find computers everywhere starting from our TV, our
car, our microwave, even in toys of kids. We are using a computer like our
buddy. Computer and IT have transformed the whole world into a global village.
Computer has given internet to society and in turn Internet has brought the
revolution in communication, research, business, fashion, education, medicine,
and all other forms of industry. Computer has become so successful only because
of its unique and amazing basic characteristics like speed, accuracy, storage capacity, versatility, portability etc.
3.6 Glossary
CBS Centralized
Banking System
CAD Computer
aided design
CAM Computer
aided manufacturing
GPS Global
Positioning System
DRS Decision
Referral System
Hawk Eye Technology
Technology used to trace the
trajectory of a ball
3.7 Suggested answers to SAQ
Ques: Discuss the various
characteristics of computers?
The various characteristics of computer are:-
·
Speed
·
Accuracy
·
Storage capability
·
Versatility
·
No Common Sense
·
No tiredness
·
Reliability
·
No feelings
Ques: Explain briefly the role
played by computers in communication?
In earlier times, communication was difficult
between people separated by geographical boundaries. It was impossible for
friends and relatives to see each other when they were sitting thousands of
miles apart, but thanks to internet now they can talk to each other face to
face and keep getting latest updates about each other. So, we can say that
communication is the best gift of internet. Email, social networking sites e.g.
skype, whatsapp, facebook, twitter etc are glaring examples in the field of
communication revolution.
Ques How does internet benefit
the education sector?
The internet finds tremendous use in education.
·
Distance education
·
concept of virtual
learning through video-conferencing
·
Database mining and web browsing
for updated knowledge
·
Online journals, e-books
and magazines
·
online admissions
·
online fee payment
·
online results
·
online syllabus
Ques How is modern day healthcare industry making
use of medicine?
The computers have played a very important role in providing
healthcare to the needy.
·
Computers are of special
use in disease diagnosis. Techniques like CT Scanning and MRI which make use of
both computers as well as X-rays, radiowaves give an accurate picture of the
internal organs of the body.
·
Further, we know that
each organism is unique and each individual shows a different response to the
given medicine. So, in future doctors are planning for DNA specific medicines
for each individual. For, this their DNA can be coated over a chip and medicine
be integrated on the chip for better results. This branch of medicine which is
using computers is medicine is called Pharmacogenomics.
·
Computers also help in
designing prosthetics for handicapped persons.
·
In future, computers
will play a special role in what is called “virtual surgery”. In this kind of surgery, the surgeon may be
sitting far away, yet be able to give instructions to the robotic arms which
are performing surgeries.
Ques: Explain in detail the role
played by computers in industry?
Automobile Industry: In the automobile industry, computers are of
much use. They play special role in:-
·
Regulating engine
emissions and feeding
·
Sensing Pressure,
balance, oxygen level, fuel etc.
·
Anti-theft devices, anti
lock mechanism, air conditioning systems,
·
Motorized seats, windows
etc.
Textile
Industry:
·
Creating innovative, inventive, high quality designs
at the click of a mouse using software called CAD (Computer aided design)
·
Similarly, CAM (Computer
aided manufacturing) helps in controlling manufacturing aspects of the textile
industry.
Que: Explain the role of computer
in Business?
Applications of
Computers in Business: Banking system of the world is totally depends
on the computer.
·
The concept of CBS (centralized Banking System) has
been introduced in banking. With CBS facility you can operate on your account
in any branch of the bank in any city.
Internet banking has given new dimensions to banking.
·
Computer technology has
immense role to play in share market.
·
E-commerce has emerged as an important technology of computer in society.
E-commerce means E business or we can say that electronic business. So e-
business is business transaction done electronically. In business the entire
process of buying and selling is done electronically.
·
If the governance is
done by computer electronically it is called e-governance. e-governance is process to involve citizen to
communicate with government and to participate in government decision making process. It helps
in putting government law and policies online
for citizens for awareness. Through this we can also, electronically
evaluate the performance of decision makers and decisions making bodies. For
further help in efficient governance, electronic information about the contacts
of various officials for help and complaint is provided.
Que: Explain the role computer in
Healthcare?
Medicine: The computers have played a very important role in
providing healthcare to the needy.
·
Computers are of special
use in disease diagnosis. Techniques like CT Scanning and MRI which make use of
both computers as well as X-rays, radiowaves give an accurate picture of the
internal organs of the body.
·
Further, we know that
each organism is unique and each individual shows a different response to the
given medicine. So, in future doctors are planning for DNA specific medicines
for each individual. For, this their DNA can be coated over a chip and medicine
be integrated on the chip for better results. This branch of medicine which is
using computers is medicine is called Pharmacogenomics.
·
Computers also help in
designing prosthetics for handicapped persons.
·
In future, computers
will play a special role in what is called “virtual surgery”. In this kind of surgery, the surgeon may be
sitting far away, yet be able to give instructions to the robotic arms which
are performing surgeries.
Que: How computer is beneficial for entertainment industry?
Computers are
extensively used in the world of entertainment in -
·
visuals,
·
audio
·
printing.
·
cartoons and animation
movies
·
voice recording, song
recording.
3.8 References/Bibliography
1)
Anderson, Christa, The
Definitive Guide to Citrix MetaFrame XP
3)
Gary Shelly, Misty Vermaat,
Discovering Computers 2009: Brief
4)
Glen E. Clarke, Edward Tetz,
CompTIA A+ Certification All-In-One Desk Reference For Dummies
5)
T. L. Education Solutions
Limited, Itl, Introduction to Information Technology
6)
June Jamrich Parsons, Dan
Oja,Computer Concepts: Illustrated Introductory
7)
Jerry C. Whitaker, The
Electronics Handbook
8)
Nirmala Sharma, Computer
Architecture
3.9 Suggested Readings
·
Introduction To
Computers Peter Nortron
·
Digital Computer
Fundamentals By Bartee
·
Fundamentals of
Information Systems By Ralph Stair, George Reynolds
3.10 Review Questions
·
Que: If computer has
common sense? State your views.
·
Que: What is role of
computer in education?
·
Que: Explain the role of
computer in defense?
·
Que: How computer is
playing an important role in banking?
Structure of the Lesson
4.1 Learning Objectives
4.2 Introduction
4.3 Application of computer graphics
4.3.1
in Medical Field
4.3.2
Computer graphics in simulation
4.3.3
in Engineering Field
4.3.4
Graphical User Interface
4.3.5
Entertainment Industry
4.4 Principle of Computer graphics
4.4.1
Pixel
4.4.2
Graphics
4.4.3
Rendering
4.4.4
Projection
4.4.5
Ray tracing
4.4.6
Shading
4.4.7
Texture mapping
4.4.8
Ant aliasing
4.4.9
Volume Rendering
4.4.10
3D Modeling
4.5 Summary
4.6 Glossary
4.7 Suggested Answer to SAQ
4.8 References/Bibliography
4.9 Suggested readings
4.10 Review Questions
4.1 Learning Objectives
The learning objectives
of this chapter are to study and understand the evolution of computer graphics.
What is computer graphic? What is the advancement in computer graphics with
time and technological innovations? What is needed in computer graphics? What
are the applications of computer graphics in industry?
4.2 Introduction
With the advancement of technology,
usage of computer has become a necessity in almost every field. But how this is
useful in field like engineering, medical. Normally in engineering field design
and modeling is an important issue. Also in medical field, digital diagnosis (like
X-Ray, MRI, and NMR) is simply the digital image processing. So in both fields
we use a term Computer graphics. Computer
graphics means creation, storage and manipulation of models and images. Here we
are using a term ‘model’. This word ‘model’ has diverse meanings and aspects
like physical, mathematical, artistic, biological and even conceptual
(abstract) structures.(source Wikipedia).
Perhaps, there is not a complete definition of computer graphics. But we can
define it as a combination of skill, knowledge, art as well as innovation. It is
creativity, a thought process, tricks and techniques which designer innovates
or learns through experience and receives from an experienced designer.
History of computer graphics
The foundations of
computer graphics can be related to the to artistic and mathematical
inventions, for example -
·
The invention of geometry was the basis of graphics concepts. The
invention of geometry was done by Euclid during
300 - 250 BC.
·
Then the work of various architects and sculptors a gave a new
three dimensional turn to graphics by innovators like Filippo Brunelleschi and Goldsmith during 1377
– 1446.
·
During (1596-1650) Rene Descartes developed analytic geometry, in
particular coordinate systems, which explained the concept of location and shape of objects in space.
·
With the invention of matrix during 1814- 1897 by Joseph Sylvester a new definition was added to graphics. A lot of graphical images
could now be created with matrices.
·
A fundamental type of curve i.e. Spline curve discovered by I.
Schoenberg added another milestone to
the journey of graphics.
·
John William Mauchly and J. Presper Mauchly, in late 1930’s invented
ENIAC Computer due to
which the field of graphics got its launch pad.
·
The term computer graphics was introduced in 1980’s and field
matured during early 90’s.
·
Computer graphics were manifested beautifully a movies like Flight of the Intruder, Jurarrsic Park.
Where organization like Rhythm and Hues studio created realistic effect
with their own graphics software.
·
Then Degraf and Wahram
created a first graphics ridefilm called Hanna Barbera. It was fully 3D
film for Universal Studio Florida.
·
Then Degraf and Wahrman
also created a animated movie Robocob 2
·
Kroyer Films created the full length animated feature film FernGully:
The Last Rainforest.
4.3 Application of computer Graphics
4.3.1 In Medical field
Medical profession is
meant to save the life and cure the patient. Computer graphics play important
role in the field of medicine and diagnosis. We can proudly say that without
the intervention of computer graphics in medical field, the advancement in
medical line was impossible. Computer graphics is helping the medical
profession by digital imaging diagnosis, that is with the help of special
purpose computer and software diagnosis are able the take the 3D image of the
different part of the internal organs that helps the doctors to diagnose the
exact diseases and reason of those diseases. With the help of Digital drug
designing new medicine designed and modeled on computer. Wet lab experiments
are conducted by the research and development team of the pharmaceutical
companies to design and test the new medicine for disease. There is wide range
of computer graphics application for medical purpose. Doctors, Pathologist, pharmacist
are using these application to cure and to invent the new drugs in medical
field.
4.3.2 Computer graphics in Simulation
Simulation is a process
to create the environment and infrastructure similar to the original system. “Simula”
means Replica. Basically, simulation is a science to generate a replica of
original system for testing and training. For example, during the training of
astronauts a simulation model of space is created in a room where no gravity
and no atmospheric pressure. The zero
gravity room is called space simulation model.
Similarly to test the expensive experiments digital simulation model is
created in computer graphics and that experiment can be conducted again and
again on computer without any cost.
4.3.3 In Field of Engineering
In engineering, field
belongs to different fields like designing and modeling is the main task or
issue for engineers. Engineers may be architecture, mechanical, Geological and
many others. Every engineer has to prepare design or model for example
architectures design the map or model of building, Mechanical engineers design
the model of cars or machines. For all of them, wide range of graphics
application available in the market for computer aided designing. Computer graphics has a dramatic impact on
the design process. Today, most mechanical and electronic designs are executed
entirely on computer. Increasingly, architectural and product designs are also
migrating to the computer. CAD (Computer Aided Designing) designs also play a key role in a wide range
of processes.
4.3.4 Graphical User Interfaces
(GUIs)
GUI i.e. Graphical User
Interface, It is interface humans and the machine but in a language and imagery which is very friendly to human so that even
illiterate can operate on computer, it helps in improving and simplifying
computing every day. Computer graphics is an integral part of everyday
computing. While working on computer we
use terms Folder, icon, taskbar, radio button, textbox, checkbox, all are
elements of GUI.
Elements like windows, cursors,
menus etc are the essential part of graphical user interface. And due to GUI a layman can operate on
computer. A 5 year child who is unable to read and write English can operate on
computer and mobile with help of graphical images i.e. GUI. So many thanks to
Computer graphics, because it has made this powerful device accessible to even
illiterate person. -
4.3.5 Entertainment
The invention of
computer graphics was done by the persons from entertainment industry. If you
can imagine it, you can create it with the help of computer graphics. Motion
pictures, Music videos, TV shows, Computer games all are ineffective and
tasteless without computer graphics. Computer graphics has become the important
part of the entertainment industry. Animation movies are possible due to
computer graphics. Cartoon movies are making their deep impact on our new
generation. These cartoon movies are born from the womb of computer graphics.
4.4 Principle of Computer graphics
4.4.1 Pixel
Pixel is a tiny particle
of the screen and be understand like (Picture + element). Pixel is the basic
element of a digital image. Let us talk
about out output screen i.e. monitor, the resolution of monitor is measured as
number of pixel in the screen. Normally we use a term pixel density that is
number of pixel per inch of the screen. Higher the pixel density of a display
device means higher the resolution of that particular device. Higher the
resolution means better picture quality of the display device. The screen of
display devices consists of pixel matrix i.e. rows and columns of pixels. The
ordering of the pixel matrix varies with the type of devices. We can visualize
our display device as a grid of two dimensional grids of pixels. Where each
pixel is shaped as a square dot and number of square dot on per inch of the
screen is called pixel density of the screen.
 |
||||||||||||||||||
|
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Standard
display devices and their resolution
Type
|
Columns
|
Rows
|
Resolution of device in pixels
|
QVGA (Quarter Video
Graphics Array)
|
320
|
240
|
320 X 240
|
HVGA(Half Video Graphics Array)
|
640
|
240
|
640 X 240
|
VGA (Video Graphics Array)
|
640
|
480
|
640 X 480
|
SVGA (Super Video Graphics Array)
|
800
|
600
|
800 X 600
|
XGA (Extended Graphics Array)
|
1024
|
768
|
1024 X 768
|
SXGA (Super Extended Graphics Array)
|
1280
|
1024
|
1280 X 1024
|
SXGA+ (Super Extended Graphics Array plus)
|
1400
|
1050
|
1400 X 1050
|
UXGA (Ultra Extended Graphics Array)
|
1600
|
1200
|
1600 X 1200
|
QXGA (Quad Extended Graphics Array)
|
2048
|
1536
|
2048 X 1536
|
This tiny particle on
the screen is responsible to form the image on the display devices. The clarity
of an image is depends on the resolution of image which is number of pixels per
inch of the image. Higher the number of pixels, higher the image quality. Intact
Color of the image depends on the intensity of pixels. Intensity of pixel is
defined by three Standard colors i.e. RED, GREEN and BLUE. The different
intensities of these three color may generate different colors for a pixel. So Color image is basically the
data of intensities of RGB color of each pixel on the image. Higher the pixel
in the image higher will be the data and size of image file and better will be
the resolution or image quality.
4.4.2 Graphics
Graphics can be defined
as a visual representation of and a image on a surface which may be paper, floor,
wall or a leaf or a computer screen. Graphics can be art work painted by the
painter on the chart. It can be a map designed by the architect on the paper or
it can be a surgical plan made by the surgeon on paper before operation.
Graphics are often a combination of text and pictures, figures or diagrams. Graphic
design may consist of intended creation/arrangement of typography alone or
typography with illustrations for example web page or website, poster, brochure
, Flex ,Pamphlets, title page of the books or magazines. The objective and
theme of the design is defined before designing. A good design communicates the
clarity and effectiveness of the design.
4.4.3 Rendering
Rendering is a process
of generating 2D images from 3D model. Basically 3D models are collectively called scene file. By means
of computer software or program rendering can be easily done. The input is the
scene file and output of this software is the 2D image. Scene file contains the
information about the geometry of the objects along with texturing, lighting
and shading information of the objects. For complex rendering calculations, a
special hardware device called graphical pipeline unit is attached with CPU.
Graphical Pipeline Unit is a special hardware unit which assists the CPU in
performing complex rendering calculations
3D RENDER
4.4.4 Projection
Projection is the
methodology of transforming the 3D objects on 2D plane. Projection plays
important role in computer graphics. Because our computer screen is 2D and to
display the 3D object on 2D screen the projection is used. Projection is of two types are:
·
Parallel projection: In Parallel projection coordinate position are transformed to the
view plane along
parallel lines.
·
Perspective Projection: Object Position, is transformed to the
plane along lines that converge to a point called center of projection.
4.4.5 Ray Tracing
This is a technique to
provide the realism in a scene. While designing, the motive of a designer is
always to put life and realism in design. In the past, design were created with
ink and watercolors. It was really hard and difficult for the designer to
produce realistic illumination effect for realism in design. But with computers
we have CAD programs for computer aided designing. But most of the CAD programs
are unable to produce realism in design. Basically, to generate the
illumination effect in design, means to concentrate on every detail like light,
shadows, blinking , shining etc. of the
object. Ray tracing is a technique to calculate the light intensity of each
pixel which is responsible to define the light and shadow of the pixel. With
the invention of this technique the dreams about realism comes true.
4.4.6 Shading
Shading refers to the level
of darkness. It is a process used in drawings to describe the darker lighter
areas of the design. This methodology is again used for detailing in the
design. In computer designing, various tools and plug in are available which we
can embed in to our designing software for shading purpose.
4.4.7 Texture Mapping
Is a technique to add color or other
surface detail like glossiness, reflectivity or transparency to the
computer design. In 1974, Edwin Catmull had introduced this technique in 3D
computer graphics. Texture mapping is applied on the surface of the shape. With
the advancement, this technique has grown in further subtypes like procedural
mapping and bitmap mapping.
TEXTURE
MAP
In raster display devices,
like Cathode Ray tube and liquid Crystal Display, there is problem of aliasing. Of course, I
will first introduce you to the new term
Raster display device. These are devices which display the images on pixels.
These are pixel based devices. However there is a problem of aliasing in raster
devices. Aliasing is noise or distortion of the image along the edges and
boundaries or simply, we can say that aliasing affects the sharpness of the
image and damage the quality of image. So, Anti aliasing is a technique to
eliminate this effect and improve the image quality in raster devices. This technique
is implemented in term of algorithm and software and it has become an essential tool of the
graphics software.
4.4.9 Volume Rendering
This technique has great
importance in scientific visualization (A phenomena in various branches of science like Engineering, Biology,
Medical, Meteorological etc. to detail
the image of 3D objects with by illumination effects e.g. X-ray, CT Scan, MRI etc.). This term is
related to computer graphics. In scientific visualization, motive is to find
the detailing any hidden object which can not been seen by naked eyes. By this technique, illumination effect is
generated to define the abnormalities
in the 3D image while displaying it on the 2D surface. Scientists needs this
detailing for further research and development.
4.4.10 3D Modeling
In computer graphics, 3D
modeling is the phenomena to generate, display the 3D image on display device. It is the method of
developing a mathematical representation of any three dimensional surface of
object with special software. In modeling, geometric and mathematical data is
generated for any 3D object and stored in computer memory. Modeling software
uses this data to generate the 3D model. Further, this data is used by other
tools for 3D rendering, texturing and volume rendering etc to create the
realism in that model. By mathematical data we mean geometrical description of
the three dimensional objects like line, circle, polygon, curve and surface etc
which are the basic elements to define
the objects in 3D scene.
3D MODEL
4.5 Summary
Computer graphics has a major
role in every field science, entertainment, engineering etc. Computer graphics
is playing immense role in almost every industry. Various techniques of
computer graphics are being used for
research and development and even in life saving techniques like diseases
diagnosis etc. Further, these techniques are of immense importance in
converting 3D scene detailing on to a
planar 2D surface for better understanding. Examples include 3D images of
internal organs of the body can be shown on display screen or printed on paper.
Similarly, it is used in metallurgy, to
fine the underground minerals like coal, petroleum, iron, gold or diamond etc.
without actual digging of earth. This saves a lot of time labor and resources.
Hat off to Computer graphics.
4.6 Glossary
- MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
- NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance)
- MPEG (Motion Picture Experts Group)
- 3D (Three Dimensions)
- 2D (Two Dimension)
- LCD (Liquid crystal display)
- CRT (Cathode Ray Tube)
- JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts
Group)
- PDF (Portable Document Format )
- RGB Red Green Blue
- CYMK Cyan Magenta Yellow
Black
4.7 Suggested Answer to SAQ
What
is CAD?
Abbreviation of Computer
Aided Design. In the context of graphics, CAD refers to the use of computer
based models of objects for visualization or testing as an aid in the design
process.
What
is Binary Digit?
A binary digit is the
smallest unit of information on a computer. Eight bits equal one byte.
Define Bit Depth?
The number of bits used
to define the shade or color of each pixel in an image. A 1-bit image is black
and white. An 8-bit grayscale image provides 256 shades of gray. An 8-bit color
image provides 256 colors. A 24-bit image provides over 16 million colors: 8
bits are used for red, 8 are for blue, and 8 for green.
What
is meaning of Bits per Pixel?
The number of bits used
to describe the color or intensity of a pixel. For example, using 8 bits for to
store a value from the RGB color model would permit 3 bits to be used for both
red and green values and 2 bits for the blue value. Blue gets a smaller range
because the human eye contains less blue cones and is thus is less sensitive to
blue variations.
What
is Bitmap?
Strictly a
one-bit-per-pixel representation for a defined area of a display. In PhotoShop,
Bitmap is also a one-channel mode consisting of only black and white pixels.
What
is Ant-Aliasing ?
Aliasing is noise or
distortion of the image along the edges and boundaries or simply we can say
that aliasing effect the sharpness of the image and damage the quality of
image. So Anti aliasing is a technique to eliminate this effect and improve the
image quality in raster devices. This technique is implemented in term of
algorithm and software and become the essential tool of the graphical software.
Define color
mode?
(Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, and Black) The four-ink colors used in
process printing. Cyan, magenta, and yellow are the three subtractive
primaries. CMYK colors are simulated on a computer monitor using additive red,
green, and blue light. To color separate an image from PhotoShop, convert it to
CMYK Color mode.
What
is pixel?
Pixel is a tiny
particle of the screen. Pixel is the basic element of a digital image. We talk about out output screen i.e. monitor.
The resolution of monitor is measured as number of pixel in the screen.
Normally we use a term pixel density that is number of pixel per inch of the
screen.
What
is Color Models?
A color model is a method of specifying a color (position) in
color space, often using a co-ordinate system. Examples include RGB and the
Munsell Color System.
What is rendering?
The process of building a 2D image from the data
contained in a 3D scene.
Define Resolution?
This indicates the number of pixels per image. It is often
represented in this format, where N and M are the number of pixels per column
and row respectively.
Define Raster
Graphics?
A graphical image consist of pixels is called
raster graphical image.
What is the
resolution of VGA and SVGA raster devices?
Resolution of VGA device is 640 X 480 pixels and
SVGA is 600 X 800 pixels.
What is shading?
Shading refers to level
of darkness. It is a process used in drawing to describe the darker area and
lighter area of the design. This methodology is again used for detailing in the
design. In computer designing various tools and plug in are available which we
can embedded in to our designing software for shading purpose.
What is Texture
mapping?
Texture mapping is a
technique to add color or other surface detail like glossiness, reflectivity or
transparency to the computer design. In 1974 Edwin Catmull had introduced
this technique in 3D computer graphics. Texture mapping is applied on the
surface of the shape. With the technological progress, this technique it grows
in further subtypes like procedural mapping and bitmap mapping.
What is
3D Modeling
It is
the method of developing a mathematical representation of any three dimensional
surface of object with special software. In modeling, geometric data is
generated of any 3D object and stored in computer memory. Modeling software
uses this data to generate the 3D model.
4.8 References/Bibliography
·
E. SUTHERLANr, Sketchpad: A man-machine graphical
communication system, Summer Joint Computer Conference, (1963). Spartan
Books.
·
Watt,
3D Computer Graphics, 3rd Ed., Addison-Wesley, 2000.
·
J.D.
Foley, A. Van Dam, et al., Computer Graphics: Principles and Practice, 2nd Ed.
in C, Addison-Wesley, 1996.
·
D.
Hearn, M.P. Baker, Computer Graphics, 2nd Ed. in C, Prentice- Hall, 1996.
·
P.A.
Egerton, W.S. Hall, Computer Graphics - Mathematical First Steps, Prentice
Hall, 1998.
4.9 Suggested readings
·
Watt,
3D Computer Graphics, 3rd Ed., Addison-Wesley, 2000.
·
J.D.
Foley, A. Van Dam, et al., Computer Graphics: Principles and Practice, 2nd Ed.
in C, Addison-Wesley, 1996.
·
D.
Hearn, M.P. Baker, Computer Graphics, 2nd Ed. in C, Prentice- Hall, 1996.
·
P.A.
Egerton, W.S. Hall, Computer Graphics - Mathematical First Steps, Prentice
Hall, 1998.
4.10 Review Questions
·
What is Pixel?
·
Write a short note on resolution of a display device?
·
What is the importance of computer graphics in the field of
Science?
·
Explain Ray Tracing?
·
What is texturing?
·
What is Pixel Aspect Ratio?
·
Difference raster graphics & vector Graphics?
·
What
is rendering?
